Pest Control Pest Control License. AChE activity has been consistently associated with resistance to organophosphate and carbamates ( SHEARER; USMANI, 2001 ; KANGA et al. 1997 , 2003, SIEGWART imunizadoras em porto alegre et al, 2011 ). The high AChE activity in PR populations is probably because organophosphate was the only insecticide group used in the first three years, mainly to control fruit fly. The vine and longtailed mealybugs are common species in Californian vineyards 10 Pseudococcus longispinus is also found in vineyards in Chile 22 and New Zealand 36 , while Pl. ficus is the main species on vines in other grape production regions 10 , 37 , 38 However, neither of these species had been recorded causing damages in vineyards in Rio Grande do Sul before 16 , 18 In previous studies, Planococcus citri was considered as the most economically important species in vineyards in southern Brazil 39 , however, molecular studies have not detected this species in vineyards in Rio Grande do Sul after 2010 18 , as confirmed in this work.
Considering the damage caused by terrestrial gastropods in strawberry producing areas in southern Brazil, this study aimed to i) identify the species associated with Fragaria x ananassa in rural properties in municipalities of Parana State, Brazil; ii) describe and illustrate the diagnostic morphological and conchology features of the mollusk species; iii) construct an illustrated key based on these morphological and conchology features; iv) analyze two species collected in March 2017 to investigate the possible occurrence of parasitic nematodes of medical importance. To achieve this, we compiled data on the most recent reference year (2015) related to the quantity of active ingredients for insecticides (in metric tons) and ranked the 10 countries (of the 39 for which data were available) that were the greatest consumers of these agricultural supplies (Fig 1). Information for the reference year was missing from many countries, such as the United States, for which the most up-to-date official figures on the use of insecticides are from 2012 (66,770 metric tons of active ingredients).
If insecticide use in Brazil could be reduced considerably, at least four major advantages of partnerships between farmers and beekeepers could be reaped: (1) greater growth of honey production, (2) increased profits for beekeepers from hive rental, (3) increased size of harvests in tonnage due to increased weight of fruit and seeds resulting from more effective pollination and (4) expansion and increased value of Brazilian agricultural products ("green card") in more demanding international markets. Such relatively low activity against aphids may indicate that these plant species are not aphid-resistant or that aphid settling inhibition activity may be found in more lipophilic compounds such as those located on the leaf surface, which may have not been extracted in our study. The armored scales (Diaspididae) that occur more frequently and in greater numbers on citrus plants also occur on most parts of them, including exposed aerial parts, such as the upper surface of leaves and the surface of fruits ( McClure 1990 ). Because the distribution of these insects on the host plants may differ between males and females or in response to various factors such as weather, host phenology, and abundance, their spatial distributions are often quite variable between species or even among populations of the same species.
Some of these are among the key pests of this crop ( García Morales et al. 2016 ). They damage the plants directly by sucking their sap, and indirectly by injecting toxic saliva, transmitting pathogens, attracting ants, and encouraging the development of sooty mold fungi ( Granara de Willink 1990 ; Gravena 2005 ). Sooty mold can severely impair leaf respiration and photosynthesis ( McKenzie 1967 ; Vranjic 1997 ). Citrus fruits can lose their commercial value due to the presence of damaging scale insects or sooty mold on the fruits. The stylet penetration activities of B. trigonica were investigated in this work using the EPG technique on carrot, celery, potato and tomato plants, because these activities are associated with bacterial acquisition and inoculation of CaLso ( Sandanayaka et al., 2014 ; Antolínez et al., 2017a , c ). In our work, EPG waveforms were analogous to those described for other psyllids ( Bonani et al., 2010 ; Civolani et al., 2011 ; Pearson et al., 2014 ; Mustafa et al., 2015 ) and those described for B. trigonica by Antolínez et al. (2017c) Acquisition of the bacteria is associated with the phloem ingestion (E2 waveform), whereas inoculation is associated with salivation into the phloem sieve elements (E1 waveform) ( Sandanayaka et al., 2014 ; Antolínez et al., 2017c ). Therefore, because our findings confirmed that B. trigonica is able to sustained salivation and ingestion in the phloem of carrot and celery plants, the psyllid could acquire and inoculate CaLso in these host species.
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