A Complete Guide To Exosomes |
Posted: March 23, 2019 |
The Definition of Exosomes In the past, exosomes were defined as transport for cellular waste. Currently, they have received recognition for their part in intercellular transportation and communication. These small vesicles vary in size and are located in almost all eukaryotic fluids. The vesicles perform numerous important cellular functions including transferring proteins, RNA, and DNA to other cells. This changes the function of the cells targeted. Excellent information is available here about exosomes. The Size and Sources The diameter varies from 30nm to 100nm. The separation from cells of a similar size is challenging due to the low refractive index and the small diameter. This is why the isolation of the pure populations may involve specific techniques based on density and size using biochemical parameters. These vesicles are found in almost all bodily fluids including: • Saliva • Breast milk • Semen • Blood • Plasma and serum from cancer patients • Urine • Vaginal fluid • Amniotic fluid • Synovial fluid The Research Scientific research into exosome activity has exploded during recent years. They were characterized as extracellular byproducts for decades, but have become known for their crucial role in intercellular communication for diseased and healthy cells. They are capable of transferring non-coding RNAs. mRNA and DNA. Research suggests the role of the cancer vesicles will be crucial for human health in the future. They have the potential for cancer diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutic care. The vesicles have been consistently been featured in the news as well as in print on a variety of topics including Alzheimer's disease. This research is being pursued in both private industry and academic settings. The publications have been analyzed leading to the publication of forty percent of the articles by authors in the United States. China is in second place. For additional details regarding exosomes, NSI is an excellent source. Cancer Vesicles The vesicles are released in large quantities from cells with fast growth rates. This includes every type of cancer. It has been proven this contributes to metastasis with the use of intercellular communication. The purpose of the production is to facilitate the functions of the body. Cancer vesicles release a larger amount of the vesicles on a cell to cell basis. This type of vesicle is unique due to the surrounding chaperones or protein ribbons. The ribbons vary in shape and size on the surface from the different kinds of cells with fast growth rates, but they are always there. The biomarkers of the vesicles are specific to the cancer cells releasing them. This means the potential for theranostic applications is good. The medical field of theranostic's provides patient therapy using targeted diagnostic testing. The potential to be used within liquid biopsies and diagnostic tools is great for the detection of cancer in a non-invasive manner. The Applications for Cancer The vesicles have broad applications for cancer including: • Cancer activity is facilitated by the vesicles including the spread, tumor formation, immune evasion, and blood vessel growth. • The vesicles can be used to choose treatments based on the disease progression of each cancer patient. • The cancer vesicles are appropriate biomarkers for diagnostic tools. The vesicles are gaining momentum as a kind of cell-free therapeutic in the medical research community. The vesicles may be the therapeutic effect necessary for numerous cell types without the risk of giving the cells to the patients. The Development of Therapeutics In excess of a dozen companies are using EVs or extracellular vesicles develop therapeutics. This includes Everkine Corporation, Aegle Therapeutics, ReNeuron, Capricor Therapeutics, Codiak Biosciences, Unicyte AG, Anjarium Biosciences, Exogenus Therapeutics, Evox Therapeutics, Creative Medical Technology Holdings, and Kimera Labs. Aegle Therapeutics has been recognized by the FDA as the first EV company to conduct clinical trials on humans. Aegle made an announcement in May of 2018 that their first IND or Investigational New Drug application to begin a clinical trial for individuals suffering from second-degree burns had received clearance from the FDA. A Phase 1/2a clinical trial of AGLE-102 is expected to be launched towards the end of 2018. BM-MSC is being used and is derived from extracellular vesicles. The potential treatment is for the management of EB or epidermolysis bullosa and burn treatments.
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